pyo3/lib.rs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537
#![warn(missing_docs)]
#![cfg_attr(
feature = "nightly",
feature(auto_traits, negative_impls, try_trait_v2)
)]
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
// Deny some lints in doctests.
// Use `#[allow(...)]` locally to override.
#![doc(test(attr(
deny(
rust_2018_idioms,
unused_lifetimes,
rust_2021_prelude_collisions,
warnings
),
allow(
unused_variables,
unused_assignments,
unused_extern_crates,
// FIXME https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/121621#issuecomment-1965156376
unknown_lints,
non_local_definitions,
)
)))]
//! Rust bindings to the Python interpreter.
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to write native Python modules or run Python code and modules from Rust.
//!
//! See [the guide] for a detailed introduction.
//!
//! # PyO3's object types
//!
//! PyO3 has several core types that you should familiarize yourself with:
//!
//! ## The `Python<'py>` object, and the `'py` lifetime
//!
//! Holding the [global interpreter lock] (GIL) is modeled with the [`Python<'py>`](Python) token. Many
//! Python APIs require that the GIL is held, and PyO3 uses this token as proof that these APIs
//! can be called safely. It can be explicitly acquired and is also implicitly acquired by PyO3
//! as it wraps Rust functions and structs into Python functions and objects.
//!
//! The [`Python<'py>`](Python) token's lifetime `'py` is common to many PyO3 APIs:
//! - Types that also have the `'py` lifetime, such as the [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) smart pointer, are
//! bound to the Python GIL and rely on this to offer their functionality. These types often
//! have a [`.py()`](Bound::py) method to get the associated [`Python<'py>`](Python) token.
//! - Functions which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`PyList::new`](types::PyList::new),
//! require a [`Python<'py>`](Python) token as an input. Sometimes the token is passed implicitly by
//! taking a [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) or other type which is bound to the `'py` lifetime.
//! - Traits which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`FromPyObject<'py>`](FromPyObject), usually have
//! inputs or outputs which depend on the lifetime. Adding the lifetime to the trait allows
//! these inputs and outputs to express their binding to the GIL in the Rust type system.
//!
//! ## Python object smart pointers
//!
//! PyO3 has two core smart pointers to refer to Python objects, [`Py<T>`](Py) and its GIL-bound
//! form [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) which carries the `'py` lifetime. (There is also
//! [`Borrowed<'a, 'py, T>`](instance::Borrowed), but it is used much more rarely).
//!
//! The type parameter `T` in these smart pointers can be filled by:
//! - [`PyAny`], e.g. `Py<PyAny>` or `Bound<'py, PyAny>`, where the Python object type is not
//! known. `Py<PyAny>` is so common it has a type alias [`PyObject`].
//! - Concrete Python types like [`PyList`](types::PyList) or [`PyTuple`](types::PyTuple).
//! - Rust types which are exposed to Python using the [`#[pyclass]`](macro@pyclass) macro.
//!
//! See the [guide][types] for an explanation of the different Python object types.
//!
//! ## PyErr
//!
//! The vast majority of operations in this library will return [`PyResult<...>`](PyResult).
//! This is an alias for the type `Result<..., PyErr>`.
//!
//! A `PyErr` represents a Python exception. A `PyErr` returned to Python code will be raised as a
//! Python exception. Errors from `PyO3` itself are also exposed as Python exceptions.
//!
//! # Feature flags
//!
//! PyO3 uses [feature flags] to enable you to opt-in to additional functionality. For a detailed
//! description, see the [Features chapter of the guide].
//!
//! ## Default feature flags
//!
//! The following features are turned on by default:
//! - `macros`: Enables various macros, including all the attribute macros.
//!
//! ## Optional feature flags
//!
//! The following features customize PyO3's behavior:
//!
//! - `abi3`: Restricts PyO3's API to a subset of the full Python API which is guaranteed by
//! [PEP 384] to be forward-compatible with future Python versions.
//! - `auto-initialize`: Changes [`Python::with_gil`] to automatically initialize the Python
//! interpreter if needed.
//! - `extension-module`: This will tell the linker to keep the Python symbols unresolved, so that
//! your module can also be used with statically linked Python interpreters. Use this feature when
//! building an extension module.
//! - `multiple-pymethods`: Enables the use of multiple [`#[pymethods]`](macro@crate::pymethods)
//! blocks per [`#[pyclass]`](macro@crate::pyclass). This adds a dependency on the [inventory]
//! crate, which is not supported on all platforms.
//!
//! The following features enable interactions with other crates in the Rust ecosystem:
//! - [`anyhow`]: Enables a conversion from [anyhow]’s [`Error`][anyhow_error] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`chrono`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono]'s structures to the equivalent Python ones.
//! - [`chrono-tz`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono-tz]'s `Tz` enum. Requires Python 3.9+.
//! - [`either`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [either]'s [`Either`] type.
//! - [`eyre`]: Enables a conversion from [eyre]’s [`Report`] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`hashbrown`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [hashbrown]'s [`HashMap`] and
//! [`HashSet`] types.
//! - [`indexmap`][indexmap_feature]: Enables conversions between Python dictionary and [indexmap]'s [`IndexMap`].
//! - [`num-bigint`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-bigint]'s [`BigInt`] and
//! [`BigUint`] types.
//! - [`num-complex`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-complex]'s [`Complex`]
//! type.
//! - [`num-rational`]: Enables conversions between Python's fractions.Fraction and [num-rational]'s types
//! - [`rust_decimal`]: Enables conversions between Python's decimal.Decimal and [rust_decimal]'s
//! [`Decimal`] type.
//! - [`serde`]: Allows implementing [serde]'s [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`] traits for
//! [`Py`]`<T>` for all `T` that implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
//! - [`smallvec`][smallvec]: Enables conversions between Python list and [smallvec]'s [`SmallVec`].
//!
//! ## Unstable features
//!
//! - `nightly`: Uses `#![feature(auto_traits, negative_impls)]` to define [`Ungil`] as an auto trait.
//
//! ## `rustc` environment flags
//! - `Py_3_7`, `Py_3_8`, `Py_3_9`, `Py_3_10`, `Py_3_11`, `Py_3_12`, `Py_3_13`: Marks code that is
//! only enabled when compiling for a given minimum Python version.
//! - `Py_LIMITED_API`: Marks code enabled when the `abi3` feature flag is enabled.
//! - `Py_GIL_DISABLED`: Marks code that runs only in the free-threaded build of CPython.
//! - `PyPy` - Marks code enabled when compiling for PyPy.
//! - `GraalPy` - Marks code enabled when compiling for GraalPy.
//!
//! Additionally, you can query for the values `Py_DEBUG`, `Py_REF_DEBUG`,
//! `Py_TRACE_REFS`, and `COUNT_ALLOCS` from `py_sys_config` to query for the
//! corresponding C build-time defines. For example, to conditionally define
//! debug code using `Py_DEBUG`, you could do:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! #[cfg(py_sys_config = "Py_DEBUG")]
//! println!("only runs if python was compiled with Py_DEBUG")
//! ```
//! To use these attributes, add [`pyo3-build-config`] as a build dependency in
//! your `Cargo.toml` and call `pyo3_build_config::use_pyo3_cfgs()` in a
//! `build.rs` file.
//!
//! # Minimum supported Rust and Python versions
//!
//! Requires Rust 1.63 or greater.
//!
//! PyO3 supports the following Python distributions:
//! - CPython 3.7 or greater
//! - PyPy 7.3 (Python 3.9+)
//! - GraalPy 24.0 or greater (Python 3.10+)
//!
//! # Example: Building a native Python module
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module. The easiest way to try this out for the
//! first time is to use [`maturin`]. `maturin` is a tool for building and publishing Rust-based
//! Python packages with minimal configuration. The following steps set up some files for an example
//! Python module, install `maturin`, and then show how to build and import the Python module.
//!
//! First, create a new folder (let's call it `string_sum`) containing the following two files:
//!
//! **`Cargo.toml`**
//!
//! ```toml
//! [package]
//! name = "string-sum"
//! version = "0.1.0"
//! edition = "2021"
//!
//! [lib]
//! name = "string_sum"
//! # "cdylib" is necessary to produce a shared library for Python to import from.
//! #
//! # Downstream Rust code (including code in `bin/`, `examples/`, and `tests/`) will not be able
//! # to `use string_sum;` unless the "rlib" or "lib" crate type is also included, e.g.:
//! # crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
//! crate-type = ["cdylib"]
//!
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "\"")]
//! features = ["extension-module"]
//! ```
//!
//! **`src/lib.rs`**
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//!
//! /// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
//! #[pyfunction]
//! fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
//! Ok((a + b).to_string())
//! }
//!
//! /// A Python module implemented in Rust.
//! #[pymodule]
//! fn string_sum(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
//! m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string, m)?)?;
//!
//! Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! With those two files in place, now `maturin` needs to be installed. This can be done using
//! Python's package manager `pip`. First, load up a new Python `virtualenv`, and install `maturin`
//! into it:
//! ```bash
//! $ cd string_sum
//! $ python -m venv .env
//! $ source .env/bin/activate
//! $ pip install maturin
//! ```
//!
//! Now build and execute the module:
//! ```bash
//! $ maturin develop
//! # lots of progress output as maturin runs the compilation...
//! $ python
//! >>> import string_sum
//! >>> string_sum.sum_as_string(5, 20)
//! '25'
//! ```
//!
//! As well as with `maturin`, it is possible to build using [setuptools-rust] or
//! [manually][manual_builds]. Both offer more flexibility than `maturin` but require further
//! configuration.
//!
//! # Example: Using Python from Rust
//!
//! To embed Python into a Rust binary, you need to ensure that your Python installation contains a
//! shared library. The following steps demonstrate how to ensure this (for Ubuntu), and then give
//! some example code which runs an embedded Python interpreter.
//!
//! To install the Python shared library on Ubuntu:
//! ```bash
//! sudo apt install python3-dev
//! ```
//!
//! Start a new project with `cargo new` and add `pyo3` to the `Cargo.toml` like this:
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "\"")]
//! # this is necessary to automatically initialize the Python interpreter
//! features = ["auto-initialize"]
//! ```
//!
//! Example program displaying the value of `sys.version` and the current user name:
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//! use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
//! use pyo3::ffi::c_str;
//!
//! fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
//! Python::with_gil(|py| {
//! let sys = py.import("sys")?;
//! let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
//!
//! let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py)?;
//! let code = c_str!("os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'");
//! let user: String = py.eval(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
//!
//! println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
//! Ok(())
//! })
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The guide has [a section][calling_rust] with lots of examples about this topic.
//!
//! # Other Examples
//!
//! The PyO3 [README](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#readme) contains quick-start examples for both
//! using [Rust from Python] and [Python from Rust].
//!
//! The PyO3 repository's [examples subdirectory]
//! contains some basic packages to demonstrate usage of PyO3.
//!
//! There are many projects using PyO3 - see a list of some at
//! <https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#examples>.
//!
//! [anyhow]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/ "A trait object based error system for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications."
//! [anyhow_error]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/latest/anyhow/struct.Error.html "Anyhows `Error` type, a wrapper around a dynamic error type"
//! [`anyhow`]: ./anyhow/index.html "Documentation about the `anyhow` feature."
//! [inventory]: https://docs.rs/inventory
//! [`HashMap`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashMap.html
//! [`HashSet`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashSet.html
//! [`SmallVec`]: https://docs.rs/smallvec/latest/smallvec/struct.SmallVec.html
//! [`IndexMap`]: https://docs.rs/indexmap/latest/indexmap/map/struct.IndexMap.html
//! [`BigInt`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigInt.html
//! [`BigUint`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigUint.html
//! [`Complex`]: https://docs.rs/num-complex/latest/num_complex/struct.Complex.html
//! [`Deserialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Deserialize.html
//! [`Serialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Serialize.html
//! [chrono]: https://docs.rs/chrono/ "Date and Time for Rust."
//! [chrono-tz]: https://docs.rs/chrono-tz/ "TimeZone implementations for chrono from the IANA database."
//! [`chrono`]: ./chrono/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono` feature."
//! [`chrono-tz`]: ./chrono-tz/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono-tz` feature."
//! [either]: https://docs.rs/either/ "A type that represents one of two alternatives."
//! [`either`]: ./either/index.html "Documentation about the `either` feature."
//! [`Either`]: https://docs.rs/either/latest/either/enum.Either.html
//! [eyre]: https://docs.rs/eyre/ "A library for easy idiomatic error handling and reporting in Rust applications."
//! [`Report`]: https://docs.rs/eyre/latest/eyre/struct.Report.html
//! [`eyre`]: ./eyre/index.html "Documentation about the `eyre` feature."
//! [`hashbrown`]: ./hashbrown/index.html "Documentation about the `hashbrown` feature."
//! [indexmap_feature]: ./indexmap/index.html "Documentation about the `indexmap` feature."
//! [`maturin`]: https://github.com/PyO3/maturin "Build and publish crates with pyo3, rust-cpython and cffi bindings as well as rust binaries as python packages"
//! [`num-bigint`]: ./num_bigint/index.html "Documentation about the `num-bigint` feature."
//! [`num-complex`]: ./num_complex/index.html "Documentation about the `num-complex` feature."
//! [`num-rational`]: ./num_rational/index.html "Documentation about the `num-rational` feature."
//! [`pyo3-build-config`]: https://docs.rs/pyo3-build-config
//! [rust_decimal]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal
//! [`rust_decimal`]: ./rust_decimal/index.html "Documenation about the `rust_decimal` feature."
//! [`Decimal`]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal/latest/rust_decimal/struct.Decimal.html
//! [`serde`]: <./serde/index.html> "Documentation about the `serde` feature."
#![doc = concat!("[calling_rust]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/python-from-rust.html \"Calling Python from Rust - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [examples subdirectory]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/tree/main/examples
//! [feature flags]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html "Features - The Cargo Book"
//! [global interpreter lock]: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock
//! [hashbrown]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown
//! [smallvec]: https://docs.rs/smallvec
//! [indexmap]: https://docs.rs/indexmap
#![doc = concat!("[manual_builds]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/building-and-distribution.html#manual-builds \"Manual builds - Building and Distribution - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [num-bigint]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint
//! [num-complex]: https://docs.rs/num-complex
//! [num-rational]: https://docs.rs/num-rational
//! [serde]: https://docs.rs/serde
//! [setuptools-rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust "Setuptools plugin for Rust extensions"
//! [the guide]: https://pyo3.rs "PyO3 user guide"
#![doc = concat!("[types]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/types.html \"GIL lifetimes, mutability and Python object types\"")]
//! [PEP 384]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0384 "PEP 384 -- Defining a Stable ABI"
//! [Python from Rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-python-from-rust
//! [Rust from Python]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-rust-from-python
#![doc = concat!("[Features chapter of the guide]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/features.html#features-reference \"Features Reference - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [`Ungil`]: crate::marker::Ungil
pub use crate::class::*;
pub use crate::conversion::{AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPyObject, IntoPyObjectExt};
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub use crate::conversion::{IntoPy, ToPyObject};
pub use crate::err::{DowncastError, DowncastIntoError, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyResult, ToPyErr};
#[cfg(not(any(PyPy, GraalPy)))]
pub use crate::gil::{prepare_freethreaded_python, with_embedded_python_interpreter};
pub use crate::instance::{Borrowed, Bound, BoundObject, Py, PyObject};
pub use crate::marker::Python;
pub use crate::pycell::{PyRef, PyRefMut};
pub use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;
pub use crate::type_object::{PyTypeCheck, PyTypeInfo};
pub use crate::types::PyAny;
pub use crate::version::PythonVersionInfo;
pub(crate) mod ffi_ptr_ext;
pub(crate) mod py_result_ext;
pub(crate) mod sealed;
/// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
///
/// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
/// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
///
/// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
/// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
pub mod class {
pub use self::gc::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};
pub use self::methods::*;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod methods {
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type IPowModulo = crate::impl_::pymethods::IPowModulo;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PyClassAttributeDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyClassAttributeDef;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PyGetterDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyGetterDef;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PyMethodDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodDef;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PyMethodDefType = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodDefType;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PyMethodType = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodType;
#[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
pub type PySetterDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PySetterDef;
}
/// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
///
/// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
/// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
///
/// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
/// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
pub mod basic {
pub use crate::pyclass::CompareOp;
}
/// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
///
/// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::PyTraverseError` instead
/// of `use pyo3::class::gc::PyTraverseError`.
///
/// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
/// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
pub mod gc {
pub use crate::pyclass::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use {
indoc, // Re-exported for py_run
unindent, // Re-exported for py_run
};
#[cfg(all(feature = "macros", feature = "multiple-pymethods"))]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use inventory; // Re-exported for `#[pyclass]` and `#[pymethods]` with `multiple-pymethods`.
/// Tests and helpers which reside inside PyO3's main library. Declared first so that macros
/// are available in unit tests.
#[cfg(test)]
#[macro_use]
mod tests;
#[macro_use]
mod internal_tricks;
mod internal;
pub mod buffer;
pub mod conversion;
mod conversions;
#[cfg(feature = "experimental-async")]
pub mod coroutine;
mod err;
pub mod exceptions;
pub mod ffi;
mod gil;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod impl_;
mod instance;
pub mod marker;
pub mod marshal;
#[macro_use]
pub mod sync;
pub mod panic;
pub mod pybacked;
pub mod pycell;
pub mod pyclass;
pub mod pyclass_init;
pub mod type_object;
pub mod types;
mod version;
#[allow(unused_imports)] // with no features enabled this module has no public exports
pub use crate::conversions::*;
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::{
pyfunction, pymethods, pymodule, FromPyObject, IntoPyObject, IntoPyObjectRef,
};
/// A proc macro used to expose Rust structs and fieldless enums as Python objects.
///
#[doc = include_str!("../guide/pyclass-parameters.md")]
///
/// For more on creating Python classes,
/// see the [class section of the guide][1].
///
#[doc = concat!("[1]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/class.html")]
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::pyclass;
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[macro_use]
mod macros;
#[cfg(feature = "experimental-inspect")]
pub mod inspect;
// Putting the declaration of prelude at the end seems to help encourage rustc and rustdoc to prefer using
// other paths to the same items. (e.g. `pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods` instead of `pyo3::prelude::PyAnyMethods`).
pub mod prelude;
/// Test readme and user guide
#[cfg(doctest)]
pub mod doc_test {
macro_rules! doctests {
($($path:expr => $mod:ident),* $(,)?) => {
$(
#[doc = include_str!(concat!("../", $path))]
mod $mod{}
)*
};
}
doctests! {
"README.md" => readme_md,
"guide/src/advanced.md" => guide_advanced_md,
"guide/src/async-await.md" => guide_async_await_md,
"guide/src/building-and-distribution.md" => guide_building_and_distribution_md,
"guide/src/building-and-distribution/multiple-python-versions.md" => guide_bnd_multiple_python_versions_md,
"guide/src/class.md" => guide_class_md,
"guide/src/class/call.md" => guide_class_call,
"guide/src/class/object.md" => guide_class_object,
"guide/src/class/numeric.md" => guide_class_numeric,
"guide/src/class/protocols.md" => guide_class_protocols_md,
"guide/src/class/thread-safety.md" => guide_class_thread_safety_md,
"guide/src/conversions.md" => guide_conversions_md,
"guide/src/conversions/tables.md" => guide_conversions_tables_md,
"guide/src/conversions/traits.md" => guide_conversions_traits_md,
"guide/src/debugging.md" => guide_debugging_md,
// deliberate choice not to test guide/ecosystem because those pages depend on external
// crates such as pyo3_asyncio.
"guide/src/exception.md" => guide_exception_md,
"guide/src/faq.md" => guide_faq_md,
"guide/src/features.md" => guide_features_md,
"guide/src/free-threading.md" => guide_free_threading_md,
"guide/src/function.md" => guide_function_md,
"guide/src/function/error-handling.md" => guide_function_error_handling_md,
"guide/src/function/signature.md" => guide_function_signature_md,
"guide/src/migration.md" => guide_migration_md,
"guide/src/module.md" => guide_module_md,
"guide/src/parallelism.md" => guide_parallelism_md,
"guide/src/performance.md" => guide_performance_md,
"guide/src/python-from-rust.md" => guide_python_from_rust_md,
"guide/src/python-from-rust/calling-existing-code.md" => guide_pfr_calling_existing_code_md,
"guide/src/python-from-rust/function-calls.md" => guide_pfr_function_calls_md,
"guide/src/python-typing-hints.md" => guide_python_typing_hints_md,
"guide/src/rust-from-python.md" => guide_rust_from_python_md,
"guide/src/trait-bounds.md" => guide_trait_bounds_md,
"guide/src/types.md" => guide_types_md,
}
}