pyo3/

lib.rs

#![warn(missing_docs)]
#![cfg_attr(
    feature = "nightly",
    feature(auto_traits, negative_impls, try_trait_v2)
)]
#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg, doc_auto_cfg))]
// Deny some lints in doctests.
// Use `#[allow(...)]` locally to override.
#![doc(test(attr(
    deny(
        rust_2018_idioms,
        unused_lifetimes,
        rust_2021_prelude_collisions,
        warnings
    ),
    allow(
        unused_variables,
        unused_assignments,
        unused_extern_crates,
        // FIXME https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/121621#issuecomment-1965156376
        unknown_lints,
        non_local_definitions,
    )
)))]

//! Rust bindings to the Python interpreter.
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to write native Python modules or run Python code and modules from Rust.
//!
//! See [the guide] for a detailed introduction.
//!
//! # PyO3's object types
//!
//! PyO3 has several core types that you should familiarize yourself with:
//!
//! ## The `Python<'py>` object, and the `'py` lifetime
//!
//! Holding the [global interpreter lock] (GIL) is modeled with the [`Python<'py>`](Python) token. Many
//! Python APIs require that the GIL is held, and PyO3 uses this token as proof that these APIs
//! can be called safely. It can be explicitly acquired and is also implicitly acquired by PyO3
//! as it wraps Rust functions and structs into Python functions and objects.
//!
//! The [`Python<'py>`](Python) token's lifetime `'py` is common to many PyO3 APIs:
//! - Types that also have the `'py` lifetime, such as the [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) smart pointer, are
//!   bound to the Python GIL and rely on this to offer their functionality. These types often
//!   have a [`.py()`](Bound::py) method to get the associated [`Python<'py>`](Python) token.
//! - Functions which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`PyList::new`](types::PyList::new),
//!   require a [`Python<'py>`](Python) token as an input. Sometimes the token is passed implicitly by
//!   taking a [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) or other type which is bound to the `'py` lifetime.
//! - Traits which depend on the `'py` lifetime, such as [`FromPyObject<'py>`](FromPyObject), usually have
//!   inputs or outputs which depend on the lifetime. Adding the lifetime to the trait allows
//!   these inputs and outputs to express their binding to the GIL in the Rust type system.
//!
//! ## Python object smart pointers
//!
//! PyO3 has two core smart pointers to refer to Python objects, [`Py<T>`](Py) and its GIL-bound
//! form [`Bound<'py, T>`](Bound) which carries the `'py` lifetime. (There is also
//! [`Borrowed<'a, 'py, T>`](instance::Borrowed), but it is used much more rarely).
//!
//! The type parameter `T` in these smart pointers can be filled by:
//!   - [`PyAny`], e.g. `Py<PyAny>` or `Bound<'py, PyAny>`, where the Python object type is not
//!     known. `Py<PyAny>` is so common it has a type alias [`PyObject`].
//!   - Concrete Python types like [`PyList`](types::PyList) or [`PyTuple`](types::PyTuple).
//!   - Rust types which are exposed to Python using the [`#[pyclass]`](macro@pyclass) macro.
//!
//! See the [guide][types] for an explanation of the different Python object types.
//!
//! ## PyErr
//!
//! The vast majority of operations in this library will return [`PyResult<...>`](PyResult).
//! This is an alias for the type `Result<..., PyErr>`.
//!
//! A `PyErr` represents a Python exception. A `PyErr` returned to Python code will be raised as a
//! Python exception. Errors from `PyO3` itself are also exposed as Python exceptions.
//!
//! # Feature flags
//!
//! PyO3 uses [feature flags] to enable you to opt-in to additional functionality. For a detailed
//! description, see the [Features chapter of the guide].
//!
//! ## Default feature flags
//!
//! The following features are turned on by default:
//! - `macros`: Enables various macros, including all the attribute macros.
//!
//! ## Optional feature flags
//!
//! The following features customize PyO3's behavior:
//!
//! - `abi3`: Restricts PyO3's API to a subset of the full Python API which is guaranteed by
//! [PEP 384] to be forward-compatible with future Python versions.
//! - `auto-initialize`: Changes [`Python::with_gil`] to automatically initialize the Python
//! interpreter if needed.
//! - `extension-module`: This will tell the linker to keep the Python symbols unresolved, so that
//! your module can also be used with statically linked Python interpreters. Use this feature when
//! building an extension module.
//! - `multiple-pymethods`: Enables the use of multiple [`#[pymethods]`](macro@crate::pymethods)
//! blocks per [`#[pyclass]`](macro@crate::pyclass). This adds a dependency on the [inventory]
//! crate, which is not supported on all platforms.
//!
//! The following features enable interactions with other crates in the Rust ecosystem:
//! - [`anyhow`]: Enables a conversion from [anyhow]’s [`Error`][anyhow_error] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`chrono`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono]'s structures to the equivalent Python ones.
//! - [`chrono-tz`]: Enables a conversion from [chrono-tz]'s `Tz` enum. Requires Python 3.9+.
//! - [`either`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [either]'s [`Either`] type.
//! - [`eyre`]: Enables a conversion from [eyre]’s [`Report`] type to [`PyErr`].
//! - [`hashbrown`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [hashbrown]'s [`HashMap`] and
//! [`HashSet`] types.
//! - [`indexmap`][indexmap_feature]: Enables conversions between Python dictionary and [indexmap]'s [`IndexMap`].
//! - [`num-bigint`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-bigint]'s [`BigInt`] and
//! [`BigUint`] types.
//! - [`num-complex`]: Enables conversions between Python objects and [num-complex]'s [`Complex`]
//!  type.
//! - [`num-rational`]: Enables conversions between Python's fractions.Fraction and [num-rational]'s types
//! - [`rust_decimal`]: Enables conversions between Python's decimal.Decimal and [rust_decimal]'s
//! [`Decimal`] type.
//! - [`serde`]: Allows implementing [serde]'s [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`] traits for
//! [`Py`]`<T>` for all `T` that implement [`Serialize`] and [`Deserialize`].
//! - [`smallvec`][smallvec]: Enables conversions between Python list and [smallvec]'s [`SmallVec`].
//!
//! ## Unstable features
//!
//! - `nightly`: Uses  `#![feature(auto_traits, negative_impls)]` to define [`Ungil`] as an auto trait.
//
//! ## `rustc` environment flags
//! - `Py_3_7`, `Py_3_8`, `Py_3_9`, `Py_3_10`, `Py_3_11`, `Py_3_12`, `Py_3_13`: Marks code that is
//!    only enabled when compiling for a given minimum Python version.
//! - `Py_LIMITED_API`: Marks code enabled when the `abi3` feature flag is enabled.
//! - `Py_GIL_DISABLED`: Marks code that runs only in the free-threaded build of CPython.
//! - `PyPy` - Marks code enabled when compiling for PyPy.
//! - `GraalPy` - Marks code enabled when compiling for GraalPy.
//!
//! Additionally, you can query for the values `Py_DEBUG`, `Py_REF_DEBUG`,
//! `Py_TRACE_REFS`, and `COUNT_ALLOCS` from `py_sys_config` to query for the
//! corresponding C build-time defines. For example, to conditionally define
//! debug code using `Py_DEBUG`, you could do:
//!
//! ```rust,ignore
//! #[cfg(py_sys_config = "Py_DEBUG")]
//! println!("only runs if python was compiled with Py_DEBUG")
//! ```
//! To use these attributes, add [`pyo3-build-config`] as a build dependency in
//! your `Cargo.toml` and call `pyo3_build_config::use_pyo3_cfgs()` in a
//! `build.rs` file.
//!
//! # Minimum supported Rust and Python versions
//!
//! Requires Rust 1.63 or greater.
//!
//! PyO3 supports the following Python distributions:
//!   - CPython 3.7 or greater
//!   - PyPy 7.3 (Python 3.9+)
//!   - GraalPy 24.0 or greater (Python 3.10+)
//!
//! # Example: Building a native Python module
//!
//! PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module. The easiest way to try this out for the
//! first time is to use [`maturin`]. `maturin` is a tool for building and publishing Rust-based
//! Python packages with minimal configuration. The following steps set up some files for an example
//! Python module, install `maturin`, and then show how to build and import the Python module.
//!
//! First, create a new folder (let's call it `string_sum`) containing the following two files:
//!
//! **`Cargo.toml`**
//!
//! ```toml
//! [package]
//! name = "string-sum"
//! version = "0.1.0"
//! edition = "2021"
//!
//! [lib]
//! name = "string_sum"
//! # "cdylib" is necessary to produce a shared library for Python to import from.
//! #
//! # Downstream Rust code (including code in `bin/`, `examples/`, and `tests/`) will not be able
//! # to `use string_sum;` unless the "rlib" or "lib" crate type is also included, e.g.:
//! # crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
//! crate-type = ["cdylib"]
//!
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),  "\"")]
//! features = ["extension-module"]
//! ```
//!
//! **`src/lib.rs`**
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//!
//! /// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
//! #[pyfunction]
//! fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
//!     Ok((a + b).to_string())
//! }
//!
//! /// A Python module implemented in Rust.
//! #[pymodule]
//! fn string_sum(m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
//!     m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string, m)?)?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! With those two files in place, now `maturin` needs to be installed. This can be done using
//! Python's package manager `pip`. First, load up a new Python `virtualenv`, and install `maturin`
//! into it:
//! ```bash
//! $ cd string_sum
//! $ python -m venv .env
//! $ source .env/bin/activate
//! $ pip install maturin
//! ```
//!
//! Now build and execute the module:
//! ```bash
//! $ maturin develop
//! # lots of progress output as maturin runs the compilation...
//! $ python
//! >>> import string_sum
//! >>> string_sum.sum_as_string(5, 20)
//! '25'
//! ```
//!
//! As well as with `maturin`, it is possible to build using [setuptools-rust] or
//! [manually][manual_builds]. Both offer more flexibility than `maturin` but require further
//! configuration.
//!
//! # Example: Using Python from Rust
//!
//! To embed Python into a Rust binary, you need to ensure that your Python installation contains a
//! shared library. The following steps demonstrate how to ensure this (for Ubuntu), and then give
//! some example code which runs an embedded Python interpreter.
//!
//! To install the Python shared library on Ubuntu:
//! ```bash
//! sudo apt install python3-dev
//! ```
//!
//! Start a new project with `cargo new` and add  `pyo3` to the `Cargo.toml` like this:
//! ```toml
//! [dependencies.pyo3]
#![doc = concat!("version = \"", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),  "\"")]
//! # this is necessary to automatically initialize the Python interpreter
//! features = ["auto-initialize"]
//! ```
//!
//! Example program displaying the value of `sys.version` and the current user name:
//! ```rust
//! use pyo3::prelude::*;
//! use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
//! use pyo3::ffi::c_str;
//!
//! fn main() -> PyResult<()> {
//!     Python::with_gil(|py| {
//!         let sys = py.import("sys")?;
//!         let version: String = sys.getattr("version")?.extract()?;
//!
//!         let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py)?;
//!         let code = c_str!("os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'");
//!         let user: String = py.eval(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
//!
//!         println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
//!         Ok(())
//!     })
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The guide has [a section][calling_rust] with lots of examples about this topic.
//!
//! # Other Examples
//!
//! The PyO3 [README](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#readme) contains quick-start examples for both
//! using [Rust from Python] and [Python from Rust].
//!
//! The PyO3 repository's [examples subdirectory]
//! contains some basic packages to demonstrate usage of PyO3.
//!
//! There are many projects using PyO3 - see a list of some at
//! <https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#examples>.
//!
//! [anyhow]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/ "A trait object based error system for easy idiomatic error handling in Rust applications."
//! [anyhow_error]: https://docs.rs/anyhow/latest/anyhow/struct.Error.html "Anyhows `Error` type, a wrapper around a dynamic error type"
//! [`anyhow`]: ./anyhow/index.html "Documentation about the `anyhow` feature."
//! [inventory]: https://docs.rs/inventory
//! [`HashMap`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashMap.html
//! [`HashSet`]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown/latest/hashbrown/struct.HashSet.html
//! [`SmallVec`]: https://docs.rs/smallvec/latest/smallvec/struct.SmallVec.html
//! [`IndexMap`]: https://docs.rs/indexmap/latest/indexmap/map/struct.IndexMap.html
//! [`BigInt`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigInt.html
//! [`BigUint`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigUint.html
//! [`Complex`]: https://docs.rs/num-complex/latest/num_complex/struct.Complex.html
//! [`Deserialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Deserialize.html
//! [`Serialize`]: https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/trait.Serialize.html
//! [chrono]: https://docs.rs/chrono/ "Date and Time for Rust."
//! [chrono-tz]: https://docs.rs/chrono-tz/ "TimeZone implementations for chrono from the IANA database."
//! [`chrono`]: ./chrono/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono` feature."
//! [`chrono-tz`]: ./chrono-tz/index.html "Documentation about the `chrono-tz` feature."
//! [either]: https://docs.rs/either/ "A type that represents one of two alternatives."
//! [`either`]: ./either/index.html "Documentation about the `either` feature."
//! [`Either`]: https://docs.rs/either/latest/either/enum.Either.html
//! [eyre]: https://docs.rs/eyre/ "A library for easy idiomatic error handling and reporting in Rust applications."
//! [`Report`]: https://docs.rs/eyre/latest/eyre/struct.Report.html
//! [`eyre`]: ./eyre/index.html "Documentation about the `eyre` feature."
//! [`hashbrown`]: ./hashbrown/index.html "Documentation about the `hashbrown` feature."
//! [indexmap_feature]: ./indexmap/index.html "Documentation about the `indexmap` feature."
//! [`maturin`]: https://github.com/PyO3/maturin "Build and publish crates with pyo3, rust-cpython and cffi bindings as well as rust binaries as python packages"
//! [`num-bigint`]: ./num_bigint/index.html "Documentation about the `num-bigint` feature."
//! [`num-complex`]: ./num_complex/index.html "Documentation about the `num-complex` feature."
//! [`num-rational`]: ./num_rational/index.html "Documentation about the `num-rational` feature."
//! [`pyo3-build-config`]: https://docs.rs/pyo3-build-config
//! [rust_decimal]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal
//! [`rust_decimal`]: ./rust_decimal/index.html "Documenation about the `rust_decimal` feature."
//! [`Decimal`]: https://docs.rs/rust_decimal/latest/rust_decimal/struct.Decimal.html
//! [`serde`]: <./serde/index.html> "Documentation about the `serde` feature."
#![doc = concat!("[calling_rust]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/python-from-rust.html \"Calling Python from Rust - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [examples subdirectory]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/tree/main/examples
//! [feature flags]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html "Features - The Cargo Book"
//! [global interpreter lock]: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock
//! [hashbrown]: https://docs.rs/hashbrown
//! [smallvec]: https://docs.rs/smallvec
//! [indexmap]: https://docs.rs/indexmap
#![doc = concat!("[manual_builds]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/building-and-distribution.html#manual-builds \"Manual builds - Building and Distribution - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [num-bigint]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint
//! [num-complex]: https://docs.rs/num-complex
//! [num-rational]: https://docs.rs/num-rational
//! [serde]: https://docs.rs/serde
//! [setuptools-rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust "Setuptools plugin for Rust extensions"
//! [the guide]: https://pyo3.rs "PyO3 user guide"
#![doc = concat!("[types]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/types.html \"GIL lifetimes, mutability and Python object types\"")]
//! [PEP 384]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0384 "PEP 384 -- Defining a Stable ABI"
//! [Python from Rust]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-python-from-rust
//! [Rust from Python]: https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3#using-rust-from-python
#![doc = concat!("[Features chapter of the guide]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/features.html#features-reference \"Features Reference - PyO3 user guide\"")]
//! [`Ungil`]: crate::marker::Ungil
pub use crate::class::*;
pub use crate::conversion::{AsPyPointer, FromPyObject, IntoPyObject};
#[allow(deprecated)]
pub use crate::conversion::{IntoPy, ToPyObject};
pub use crate::err::{DowncastError, DowncastIntoError, PyErr, PyErrArguments, PyResult, ToPyErr};
#[cfg(not(any(PyPy, GraalPy)))]
pub use crate::gil::{prepare_freethreaded_python, with_embedded_python_interpreter};
pub use crate::instance::{Borrowed, Bound, BoundObject, Py, PyObject};
pub use crate::marker::Python;
pub use crate::pycell::{PyRef, PyRefMut};
pub use crate::pyclass::PyClass;
pub use crate::pyclass_init::PyClassInitializer;
pub use crate::type_object::{PyTypeCheck, PyTypeInfo};
pub use crate::types::PyAny;
pub use crate::version::PythonVersionInfo;

pub(crate) mod ffi_ptr_ext;
pub(crate) mod py_result_ext;
pub(crate) mod sealed;

/// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
///
/// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
/// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
///
/// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
/// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
pub mod class {
    pub use self::gc::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};

    pub use self::methods::*;

    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub mod methods {
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type IPowModulo = crate::impl_::pymethods::IPowModulo;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PyClassAttributeDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyClassAttributeDef;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PyGetterDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyGetterDef;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PyMethodDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodDef;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PyMethodDefType = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodDefType;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PyMethodType = crate::impl_::pymethods::PyMethodType;
        #[deprecated(since = "0.23.0", note = "PyO3 implementation detail")]
        pub type PySetterDef = crate::impl_::pymethods::PySetterDef;
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::CompareOp` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod basic {
        pub use crate::pyclass::CompareOp;
    }

    /// Old module which contained some implementation details of the `#[pyproto]` module.
    ///
    /// Prefer using the same content from `pyo3::pyclass`, e.g. `use pyo3::pyclass::PyTraverseError` instead
    /// of `use pyo3::class::gc::PyTraverseError`.
    ///
    /// For compatibility reasons this has not yet been removed, however will be done so
    /// once <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/30827> is resolved.
    pub mod gc {
        pub use crate::pyclass::{PyTraverseError, PyVisit};
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use {
    indoc,    // Re-exported for py_run
    unindent, // Re-exported for py_run
};

#[cfg(all(feature = "macros", feature = "multiple-pymethods"))]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub use inventory; // Re-exported for `#[pyclass]` and `#[pymethods]` with `multiple-pymethods`.

/// Tests and helpers which reside inside PyO3's main library. Declared first so that macros
/// are available in unit tests.
#[cfg(test)]
#[macro_use]
mod tests;

#[macro_use]
mod internal_tricks;
mod internal;

pub mod buffer;
pub mod conversion;
mod conversions;
#[cfg(feature = "experimental-async")]
pub mod coroutine;
mod err;
pub mod exceptions;
pub mod ffi;
mod gil;
#[doc(hidden)]
pub mod impl_;
mod instance;
pub mod marker;
pub mod marshal;
#[macro_use]
pub mod sync;
pub mod panic;
pub mod pybacked;
pub mod pycell;
pub mod pyclass;
pub mod pyclass_init;

pub mod type_object;
pub mod types;
mod version;

#[allow(unused_imports)] // with no features enabled this module has no public exports
pub use crate::conversions::*;

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::{
    pyfunction, pymethods, pymodule, FromPyObject, IntoPyObject, IntoPyObjectRef,
};

/// A proc macro used to expose Rust structs and fieldless enums as Python objects.
///
#[doc = include_str!("../guide/pyclass-parameters.md")]
///
/// For more on creating Python classes,
/// see the [class section of the guide][1].
///
#[doc = concat!("[1]: https://pyo3.rs/v", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/class.html")]
#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
pub use pyo3_macros::pyclass;

#[cfg(feature = "macros")]
#[macro_use]
mod macros;

#[cfg(feature = "experimental-inspect")]
pub mod inspect;

// Putting the declaration of prelude at the end seems to help encourage rustc and rustdoc to prefer using
// other paths to the same items. (e.g. `pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods` instead of `pyo3::prelude::PyAnyMethods`).
pub mod prelude;

/// Test readme and user guide
#[cfg(doctest)]
pub mod doc_test {
    macro_rules! doctests {
        ($($path:expr => $mod:ident),* $(,)?) => {
            $(
                #[doc = include_str!(concat!("../", $path))]
                mod $mod{}
            )*
        };
    }

    doctests! {
        "README.md" => readme_md,
        "guide/src/advanced.md" => guide_advanced_md,
        "guide/src/async-await.md" => guide_async_await_md,
        "guide/src/building-and-distribution.md" => guide_building_and_distribution_md,
        "guide/src/building-and-distribution/multiple-python-versions.md" => guide_bnd_multiple_python_versions_md,
        "guide/src/class.md" => guide_class_md,
        "guide/src/class/call.md" => guide_class_call,
        "guide/src/class/object.md" => guide_class_object,
        "guide/src/class/numeric.md" => guide_class_numeric,
        "guide/src/class/protocols.md" => guide_class_protocols_md,
        "guide/src/conversions.md" => guide_conversions_md,
        "guide/src/conversions/tables.md" => guide_conversions_tables_md,
        "guide/src/conversions/traits.md" => guide_conversions_traits_md,
        "guide/src/debugging.md" => guide_debugging_md,

        // deliberate choice not to test guide/ecosystem because those pages depend on external
        // crates such as pyo3_asyncio.

        "guide/src/exception.md" => guide_exception_md,
        "guide/src/faq.md" => guide_faq_md,
        "guide/src/features.md" => guide_features_md,
        "guide/src/free-threading.md" => guide_free_threading_md,
        "guide/src/function.md" => guide_function_md,
        "guide/src/function/error-handling.md" => guide_function_error_handling_md,
        "guide/src/function/signature.md" => guide_function_signature_md,
        "guide/src/migration.md" => guide_migration_md,
        "guide/src/module.md" => guide_module_md,
        "guide/src/parallelism.md" => guide_parallelism_md,
        "guide/src/performance.md" => guide_performance_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust.md" => guide_python_from_rust_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust/calling-existing-code.md" => guide_pfr_calling_existing_code_md,
        "guide/src/python-from-rust/function-calls.md" => guide_pfr_function_calls_md,
        "guide/src/python-typing-hints.md" => guide_python_typing_hints_md,
        "guide/src/rust-from-python.md" => guide_rust_from_python_md,
        "guide/src/trait-bounds.md" => guide_trait_bounds_md,
        "guide/src/types.md" => guide_types_md,
    }
}