You can use the create_exception! macro to define a new exception type:

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
use pyo3::create_exception;

create_exception!(module, MyError, pyo3::exceptions::Exception);
#}

• module is the name of the containing module.
• MyError is the name of the new exception type.

For example:

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::create_exception;
use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
use pyo3::exceptions::Exception;

create_exception!(mymodule, CustomError, Exception);

fn main() {
    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();
    let ctx = [("CustomError", py.get_type::<CustomError>())].into_py_dict(py);

    py.run("assert str(CustomError) == \"<class 'mymodule.CustomError'>\"", None, Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
    py.run("assert CustomError('oops').args == ('oops',)", None, Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
}

To raise an exception, first you need to obtain an exception type and construct a new PyErr, then call the PyErr::restore() method to write the exception back to the Python interpreter's global state.

use pyo3::{Python, PyErr};
use pyo3::exceptions;

fn main() {
    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();
    PyErr::new::<exceptions::TypeError, _>("Error").restore(py);
    assert!(PyErr::occurred(py));
    drop(PyErr::fetch(py));
}

If you already have a Python exception instance, you can simply call PyErr::from_instance().

PyErr::from_instance(py, err).restore(py);

If a Rust type exists for the exception, then it is possible to use the new method. For example, each standard exception defined in the pyo3::exceptions module has a corresponding Rust type, exceptions defined by create_exception! and import_exception! macro have Rust types as well.

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
# use pyo3::exceptions;
# use pyo3::prelude::*;
# fn check_for_error() -> bool {false}
fn my_func(arg: PyObject) -> PyResult<()> {
    if check_for_error() {
        Err(exceptions::ValueError::py_err("argument is wrong"))
    } else {
        Ok(())
    }
}
#}

Python has an isinstance method to check an object's type, in PyO3 there is a Python::is_instance() method which does the same thing.

use pyo3::Python;
use pyo3::types::{PyBool, PyList};

fn main() {
    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();
    assert!(py.is_instance::<PyBool, _>(PyBool::new(py, true)).unwrap());
    let list = PyList::new(py, &[1, 2, 3, 4]);
    assert!(!py.is_instance::<PyBool, _>(list.as_ref()).unwrap());
    assert!(py.is_instance::<PyList, _>(list.as_ref()).unwrap());
}

Python::is_instance() calls the underlying PyType::is_instance method to do the actual work.

To check the type of an exception, you can simply do:

# use pyo3::exceptions;
# use pyo3::prelude::*;
# fn main() {
# let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
# let py = gil.python();
# let err = exceptions::TypeError::py_err(());
err.is_instance::<exceptions::TypeError>(py);
# }

The vast majority of operations in this library will return PyResult<T>. This is an alias for the type Result<T, PyErr>.

A PyErr represents a Python exception. Errors within the PyO3 library are also exposed as Python exceptions.

The PyO3 library handles Python exceptions in two stages. During the first stage, a PyErr instance is created. At this stage, holding Python's GIL is not required. During the second stage, an actual Python exception instance is created and set active in the Python interpreter.

In simple cases, for custom errors adding an implementation of std::convert::From<T> trait for this custom error is enough. PyErr::new accepts an argument in the form of ToPyObject + 'static. If the 'static constraint can not be satisfied or more complex arguments are required, the PyErrArguments trait can be implemented. In that case, actual exception argument creation is delayed until a Python object is available.

use std::net::TcpListener;
use pyo3::{PyErr, PyResult, exc};

impl std::convert::From<std::io::Error> for PyErr {
    fn from(err: std::io::Error) -> PyErr {
        exceptions::OSError.into()
    }
}

fn connect(s: String) -> PyResult<bool> {
    TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:80")?;
    Ok(true)
}

The code snippet above will raise an OSError in Python if TcpListener::bind() returns an error.

The std::convert::From<T> trait is implemented for most of the Rust standard library's error types so the try! macro or the ? operator can be used.

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
use pyo3::prelude::*;

fn parse_int(s: String) -> PyResult<usize> {
    Ok(s.parse::<usize>()?)
}
#}

The code snippet above will raise a ValueError in Python if String::parse() returns an error.

It is possible to use an exception defined in Python code as a native Rust type. The import_exception! macro allows importing a specific exception class and defines a zero-sized Rust type for that exception.

# #![allow(unused_variables)]
#fn main() {
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::import_exception;

import_exception!(io, UnsupportedOperation);

fn tell(file: PyObject) -> PyResult<u64> {
    use pyo3::exceptions::*;

    let gil = Python::acquire_gil();
    let py = gil.python();

    match file.call_method0(py, "tell") {
        Err(_) => Err(UnsupportedOperation::py_err("not supported: tell")),
        Ok(x) => x.extract::<u64>(py),
    }
}

#}

pyo3::exceptions defines exceptions for several standard library modules.